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Study
Finds Test Scores Not Lowered by Television
by Elizabeth Jensen
Published: February 27, 2006
Does television rot children's brains? A new study by two economists from
the University of Chicago taps into a trove of data from the 1960's to argue
that when it comes to academic test scores, parents can let children watch
TV without fear of future harm.
Matthew Gentzkow, 30, an assistant professor of economics at the university's
graduate school of business, and Jesse M. Shapiro, 26, a research fellow,
have waded into controversial territory that is usually the domain of psychologists
and educators.
"The notion that television has terrible effects on very young children
is widely believed and discussed," said Mr. Gentzkow. He noted that
he was not predisposed to a "television is good" argument; he
even conducted an earlier study that found that television lowered voter
turnout.
Most studies that find negative effects from television compare groups of
children who watch television to those who do not, even though the economic
situations of the two groups are in all likelihood very different, Mr. Gentzkow
said. The new study, however, was based on what the authors call a "natural
experiment" that resulted from the way television was introduced in
the United States in the late 1940's and early 1950's, when some cities
got TV service five years ahead of others.
Data from cities where preschoolers were exposed to the new technology,
and data from cities where they were not, was correlated with test scores
from about 300,000 students nationwide in 1965, as collected in the Coleman
Report, a survey done under the Civil Rights Act. The study also looked
at test scores from pre- and post-TV age groups within cities.
The result showed "very little difference and if anything, a slight
positive advantage" in test scores for children who grew up watching
TV early on, compared to those who did not, said Mr. Shapiro. In nonwhite
households and those where English was a second language or the mother had
less than a high school education, TV's positive effect was more marked.
There is very little that television has not been blamed for when it comes
to children, whether it be shortened attention spans, a predilection to
violence, earlier sexual activity or a general decline in values. The American
Academy of Pediatrics became so concerned about its effects that it suggested
in 2001 that children under 2 watch no TV, and that preschoolers older than
2 be limited to one to two hours a day of "quality" programming.
But many parents routinely ignore that warning. Average TV viewing among 2- to
5-year-olds — the youngest viewers tracked by Nielsen Media Research — crept
up to 3 hours and 40 minutes a day in the 2004-5 TV season. A host of cable channels
have are dedicated to the tiniest viewers.
Elizabeth A. Vandewater, associate professor of human development at the
University of Texas and director of the Center for Research on Interactive
Technology, Television and Children, praised the new study for adding "more
evidence that television is not uniformly evil or bad," but said that
it ignored "a host of evidence that shows that content matters a lot."
She said that "there is a huge body of evidence that educational television" can
be good for children, as well as strong evidence that "violent content
is related to antisocial aggressive behavior."
Mr. Gentzkow said the work had nothing to say about how television affects
a child's focus, aggression or other behaviors, and that it merely looked
at academic outcomes.
The authors also said the study was not meant to evaluate television content
in the 1950's versus that of today. But Mr. Shapiro noted: "If you
look at the top five children's programs in the 1950's and the equivalent
list from 2003, the content is not as different as you might have thought."
The study was released this month by the National Bureau of Economic Research,
a nonprofit, nonpartisan group of academic researchers based in
Cambridge, Mass. The group is better known for putting out statistical
analyses on the state of the economy. But it also serves as a forum
for disseminating working papers of new economic research that has yet to
be peer-reviewed, including the television study. Mr. Gentzkow said the
study had been submitted for peer review to The American Economic Review.
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