Oil prices are swinging dramatically, with recent peaks pushing close to a major milestone: $100 a barrel.
The possibility of Russia invading Ukraine is the driving force, but there's more at play than the risk of war. And complicating predictions further, the possibility of a deal with Iran is hovering in the background.
Here's what to know as crude prices hover within striking distance of the triple digits last seen in 2014.
Yes, the tensions in Ukraine are a key factor
Brent crude prices surged to as high as $99.50 early on Tuesday, after Russia said it was sending troops to Eastern Ukraine. There is considerable debate about whether that would constitute an invasion, though U.S. and European countries are drawing up sanctions.
However it's defined, an invasion would clearly have a devastating impact on Ukraine. (NPR has extensively covered the historical and humanelements of this conflict).
An invasion would also immediately affect energy markets. Russia is one of the world's largest producers of oil and natural gas, accounting for 17% of the world's natural gas and 12% of its oil.
And a sizable portion of Russia's natural gas exports, in particular, are carried to Europe through pipelines that pass through Ukraine. That means the outbreak of war could shut down much of Europe's supply of natural gas.
There's another risk: sanctions. In response to Vladimir Putin's recognition of separatist-held areas in Ukraine, the Biden administration has already issued sanctions against those regions, and the U.S. has promised broader, more damaging sanctions against Russia should Moscow invade.
The Biden administration, which is worried about high energy prices, so far has seemed reluctant to directly target Russia's energy exports, a move some foreign policy commentatorshave called for despite the potentially profound global impacts.
But other sanctions, like financial sanctions, could indirectly reduce Russian oil and gas sales. Russia could also throttle energy exports in retaliation for sanctions.
Any of these outcomes would take supply off the market, while also fueling greater uncertainty, which also tends to elevate prices.
Together, that would almost certainly drive prices above $100. Some Wall Street analysts are even eyeing the possibility of oil hitting as high as $150.
But there are other factors behind the oil price surge
It's not just the prospect of war in Ukraine.
A fundamental mismatch between supply and demand was driving prices up well before the Ukrainian-Russian tensions escalated.
Demand for oil has surged since the early pandemic lows. Production, however, has not kept pace.
The oil cartel OPEC+ cut production sharply in 2020 as COVID-19 was spreading around the world, but has moved only gradually to restore output.
Furthermore, some OPEC+ members have not produced as much oil as they agreed to. Pumping oil from the ground is more complicated than flipping a switch on and off, and some producers who brought production down sharply in 2020 have found it harder than anticipated to bring output back up.
Meanwhile, publicly owned companies have been under pressure from their shareholders to deliver returns,rather than pump as much oil as possible.
And companies have done just that, meaning supply has been smaller than many observers would otherwise expect. Governments and some investors are also pressing oil companies to act more strongly on climate change, although this is widely regarded as having a much smaller impact, so far, on reduced production.
What does this mean in hard numbers? In 2020, Brent crude prices, the commonly used global benchmark, averaged less than $42 a barrel — extraordinarily low. In 2021, they averaged just under $71.
Prices have spent most of February trading in the low $90s, and even if the tensions in Ukraine de-escalated in a "best case" scenario, oil probably wouldn't go below $84 a barrel, according to a recent forecast fromanalysts at J.P. Morgan Chase.
Surging oil prices would impact all of us ...
Surging oil prices benefit oil producers, but they raise costs for everyone else. And that depresses economic activity, as consumers and companies alike respond to higher prices by cutting back.
Gasoline prices in the U.S. are currently averaging more than $3.50 a gallon, the highest average since 2014. If crude prices should rise higher, gasoline prices would almost certainly climb more.
The biggest burden would fall on lower-income families, since they spend a larger percentage of their household budget on gasoline.
Meanwhile, rising natural gas prices could raise electricity and home heating bills. The increasing costs for transportation, power and heat would all contribute to inflation, which is already at its highest rate in 40 years in the U.S, though there is debate about how long the impact would be.
... But a Russian invasion would hit Europe more
Price increases would be felt worldwide, but a reduction in Russian exports would hit Europe much harder than the U.S., given European reliance on Russian natural gas.
Nevertheless, the European Union has promised punishing sanctions if Russia should invade. And on Tuesday German Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced that the Nord Stream 2 pipeline, which has not yet been opened but is poised to carry natural gas from Russia to Europe, "cannot go online."
Because the pipeline is not yet functioning, this doesn't reduce Russian exports directly, but suggests at least some European leaders are willing to absorb potentially intense price increases for diplomatic reasons.
The U.S. and other countries have been discussing alternative sources of natural gas and oil to compensate for a Russian shortfall, but it's not clear how much could be made available to Europe, given the tight global market.
What high oil prices could mean for the climate
World leaders have been calling for an urgent shift away from fossil fuels to reduce the devastating impacts of climate change.
But that push comes at the exact same moment that they're desperate for more production of fossil fuels in the near-term, to bring prices down and avoid public outrage.
This is a messy situation, and high oil prices add to the muddle.
On the one hand, high prices discourage oil consumption — people might be more likely to buy fuel-efficient or electric vehicles, for instance, or travel less. And in electricity markets, high prices for oil and natural gas create an incentive for companies to turn to cheaper alternatives like solar and wind.
However, high prices provide a payday for oil companies and incentivize more oil production. And politically, they can create a powerful backlash — high energy prices can trigger protests and public outcry that can tank climate-minded policies.
And then there's the wild card: Iran
The risk of a price spike is capturing attention right now, but there is also the possibility that oil prices might actually plummet.
The likeliest cause? A new nuclear deal with Iran.
The U.S. exited the 2015 Iran nuclear deal during the Trump administration, and hit the country with punishing sanctions that — among other things — sharply limited how much oil it can export.
Negotiations are currently underway to revive the 2015 deal. If successful, a lot of Iranian oil would be heading to global markets.
Those Iranian barrels would logically bring prices down. And some analysts note the impact could be even bigger because of how a deal might influence Saudi Arabia. So far, Saudi Arabia — the dominant voice in OPEC — has opted to keep the market tight, reaping the benefits of higher prices.
But more competition from Iran could cause an abrupt change in strategy. If an Iran deal prompts Saudi Arabia to tap into its unsold oil reserves to defend its market share, then suddenly there are two new sources of oil coming online. That would push prices down, possibly significantly.
And there's another wild card in the wings. A new coronavirus variant could potentially lower oil prices by reviving the prospect of new lockdowns or travel restrictions, which would likely push oil demand down.
When it comes to oil markets — just like every other facet of life these days — the pandemic is a continuous source of uncertainty.
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